The study is focused on the development of methods for the practical application of electronic cartography aimed at reducing the limiting influence of navigational and hydrographic factors during the autumn–spring navigation period on inland waterways. Navigational and hydrographic factors are considered as a set of data describing waterway conditions that are used to ensure navigation support and vessel passage. It is noted that the main navigational hazards on inland waterways are isobaths, which restrict navigable areas and are represented on navigation charts and by floating aids to navigation. The practical use of navigational and hydrographic data is based on visual positioning through comparison of charted navigational aids with their actual positions observed from the navigation bridge. The complexity of navigation conditions during the autumn–spring period is caused by water level variations, channel processes, and ice phenomena, which significantly complicate navigation compared to the main navigation season. Although modern hydrographic technologies provide high-accuracy spatial data with sufficient discreteness, an equally important task is the presentation of navigational and hydrographic information in a form suitable for practical use. The article examines the use of existing and modified electronic chart functions, including ECDIS, to provide navigators with sufficient navigational information and to mitigate the limiting influence of navigational and hydrographic factors. It is emphasized that the application of electronic cartography enables effective solutions for ensuring navigation safety during the autumn–spring navigation period; however, this requires further investigation of functional capabilities and, where necessary, their targeted modification to improve the performance of navigation support tasks.

The article addresses the topical problem of forming big data to support decision-making and forecasting the development of maritime passenger ports based on data obtained from a digital twin of a seaport, taking into account regional features. Maritime passenger ports and terminals of the Baltic Sea were selected as the object of study. The necessity of multi-scenario modeling of varying intensities of cruise and ferry vessel calls is substantiated, with consideration given to berth characteristics, operational constraints, and decision-making limitations when processing navigation-period data. To address this problem, a new digital transport model is proposed that enables effective analysis and optimization of cruise and ferry vessel servicing processes. An algorithm and a novel approach to the analysis of fixed and stochastic inbound vessel flows are developed, taking into account service priority. The study employs multi-scenario simulation methods based on different traffic intensities and regional characteristics of port infrastructure. The research is based on an analysis of real operational data from Baltic Sea passenger ports, which allows evaluation of the proposed model under conditions of maximum port load, using the ports of Warnemünde (Rostock) and Kiel as case studies. Special attention is given to the analysis of port infrastructure utilization intensity and optimization of resource allocation. A simulation model is presented to represent the operation of a multi-priority queueing system in which service requests arrive both according to a priority schedule and randomly. The boundary operating conditions of two Baltic Sea passenger ports for accommodating vessel calls beyond the planned schedule under stochastic influences are experimentally determined. The modeling is based on actual port infrastructure data and planned cruise ship arrival schedules. The proposed software module of the digital port model enables the generation of simulation data to support both operational management decision-making at maritime passenger ports and long-term development forecasting.

Forecasting the onset and end dates of ice phenomena on Arctic shipping rivers, such as the Pur River, is essential for navigation planning and ensuring transport accessibility under changing climatic conditions. The development of reliable forecasting models that outperform traditional averaged approaches is of considerable scientific and practical importance. This study presents the development and comparative analysis of five machine learning models for forecasting the dates of ice formation and ice clearance on the Pur River at the Samburg gauging station: a convolutional neural network (CNN), a fully connected neural network (Dense), a multilayer perceptron (MLP), a support vector regression model (SVR), and a random forest model. Twelve hydrometeorological parameters were used as input variables. Forecast performance was quantitatively evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). A comparison with an averaged baseline model showed that, for predicting ice-clearance dates, the fully connected neural network (Dense) demonstrated the best overall performance (MAE = 5.18 days, RMSE = 5.97 days, R² = 0.387). For predicting ice-formation dates, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model exhibited the lowest prediction error and the highest explanatory power (MAE = 3.59 days, RMSE = 4.21 days, R² = 0.315). The results indicate that more complex machine learning models do not necessarily provide superior performance when forecasting complex hydrological events such as ice phenomena. Consequently, the optimal forecasting model should be selected individually for each predicted date.

This article presents a review of modern approaches to assessing the knowledge of seagoing crew members in the course of training using virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies. The evolution of educational systems in the maritime industry is analyzed in relation to the development of shipboard equipment and the requirements of international regulatory instruments, in particular the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW Convention) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Special attention is paid to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the implementation of distance learning technologies, emphasizing the advantages of VR-based solutions for immersive training, enhanced safety, and improved training effectiveness. The purpose of the study is to present the results of applied research conducted under a state-funded project entitled “Development of Digital Models of Navigational Equipment Using Virtual Reality Technologies.” The object of the study is the educational process of training seagoing personnel, while the subject includes digital three-dimensional models of navigational devices, procedures for their operation and technical maintenance, as well as educational and methodological support. The methods and materials section describes key approaches to knowledge assessment, including immersive simulations, interactive tasks, behavioral analysis based on biometric data and artificial intelligence tools, collaborative assessment in multi-user virtual environments, and adaptive assessment systems. The results and discussion propose a classification of assessment methods according to competency types (cognitive, psychomotor, and affective). A three-stage system for presenting learning material and assessing knowledge levels (mandatory, desirable, and optional) is proposed, with a shift away from traditional examinations toward continuous monitoring using virtual reality technologies. Over the period from 2022 to 2025, ten digital models of navigational devices, including a magnetic compass, radar, and GNSS equipment, were developed and integrated into a virtual navigation bridge. The article highlights the advantages of virtual reality technologies for the objective assessment of navigators’ knowledge and skills, while also identifying existing challenges. The creation of databases, video tutorials, and reference systems is recommended to support more intensive and effective training. The study contributes to improving the quality of crew training through the digitalization of maritime education.

This article examines the potential for applying digital technologies to the planning and management of local operational processes at a sea container terminal. The object of the study is the technological process of container handling in the warehouse and rear zones of the terminal, including the formation of a dispatch stack for the subsequent transfer of cargo to rail transport. From an operational perspective, the formation of a dispatch stack is a labor-intensive technological operation, as it involves the selective search for and removal of a number of containers from the operational stack that constitute the logistics flow directed to the rear operational zone. The research method is based on automaton-based programming of the sequence of local operations within the simulated technological process of train loading. The modeled object is described by a finite-state machine, which is subsequently transformed into a digital code for each local operation that collectively constitutes the technological process of loading and unloading operations. Since the primary function of the finite-state machine is to implement control, within the framework of this study the control actions are directed at the container-handling machine and program the sequence of its operations, including the removal of target containers from the operational stack, the formation of a dispatch stack in the rear zone of the terminal, and the loading of cargo batches onto railway platforms upon the arrival of a train at the port. The results of the study include a simulation model of loading and unloading operations in the rear zone of a container terminal, as well as state-transition diagrams of local operations for the finite-state machine with corresponding control rules (codes). The application of this mathematical apparatus to process modeling makes it possible to develop a unified control logic for cargo handling operations across the terminal’s operational zones.

The article proposes a stepwise approximation method for the wave profile to simplify the calculation of the waterplane area of a container ship in waves. The specific hull form of container ships, characterized by fine bow and stern shapes and a full midship section, leads to significant variations in the waterplane area when operating in waves, which directly affects stability and, consequently, navigational safety. Calculating the waterplane area under wave conditions is a complex problem that is difficult for navigation officers to solve in practical shipboard conditions. To facilitate this task, a simplified calculation method based on stepwise approximation of the wave profile and the use of waterplane section fullness coefficients is proposed. This method makes it possible to determine changes in the waterplane area depending on the position of the wave along the ship’s hull. The study employs the characteristics of a real large container ship for the calculations. A quasi-static positioning of the ship on a wave whose length is equal to the ship’s length between perpendiculars is considered, and two wave crest position scenarios along the hull are analyzed: at the bow and stern, and at the midship section. Waterplane profiles for specified draughts are obtained from measurements taken from the ship’s design drawings. The areas of the waterplane sections and their fullness coefficients are determined, and the waterplane areas in waves are calculated for the two selected scenarios. The calculation results demonstrate sufficient accuracy of the proposed method, which justifies its practical application by navigation officers. It is noted that further research based on the results obtained in this study may be aimed at identifying dangerous wavelengths not equal to the ship length and at assessing changes in container ship stability as a function of variations in the waterplane area in waves. The application of the research results by navigation officers will enable improved control of container ship behavior in waves and will significantly contribute to enhancing navigational safety.

The article proposes an approach to improving the use of isostages through their generalized representation when specifying a vessel’s program trajectory under conditions of restricted navigation. It is assumed that the principle of automatic tracking of multiple navigational marks by onboard navigational aids has been implemented. Based on previous research, the feasibility of approximating the boundaries of navigational hazards and the navigational safety domain by N-focal ellipses is substantiated. It has been shown that second-order N-focal curves allow for a more accurate approximation of the geometric shapes of navigational hazards without significant overlap of possible vessel maneuvering areas, while being directly associated with navigational parameters measured by onboard technical navigational aids and therefore independent of global satellite positioning systems. In this study, further development is proposed by representing isolines of navigational parameters using a generalized second-order N-focal curve. For this purpose, the concept of weight is introduced, which, under certain combinations, makes it possible to obtain an entire family of second-order curves (circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, N-focal ellipses, and N-focal hyperbolas) while keeping the initial measurements unchanged. Taking into account the specific arrangement of reference navigational marks, the affine transformation method is supplemented by variations in the base length between the reference marks. This approach makes it possible, for example, at the preliminary route planning stage, to obtain a complete grid of leading, clearing, and control isolines for a given program trajectory and its corridor in the form of second-order curves. The key results of the study are visualized, and the implementation of the proposed methods in modern navigation systems and autonomous vessel control systems will enable navigation information processing in coastal waters at a qualitatively new level.

The article presents a critical analysis of the most widely used business process modeling notations (BPMN, EPC, IDEF0) from the perspective of their practical application. The key problems identified include semantic redundancy, a dissonance between simplicity and formal rigor, and a gap between formal process description and executability. It is concluded that the choice of a modeling notation should be context-dependent and determined by specific modeling objectives, and that a transition toward a domain-specific executable notation is required. In order to improve technological processes in water transport and to support research related to the scientific organization of labor, an original specialized executable notation is proposed. Its key advantages include an orientation toward domain-specific concepts of transport logistics, ensuring intuitive clarity for specialists, formal rigor enabling model verification, and direct execution capabilities that eliminate the stage of manual transformation of models into operational regulations. The proposed approach has been tested using the example of modeling technological processes in a seaport and has demonstrated its effectiveness in increasing transparency, manageability, and optimization of logistics operations. The generation of random event durations enables the notation to be used, unlike traditional network models, as a tool for simulation modeling of transport processes by determining the probability of executing alternative scenarios and the starting point of their execution. In this sense, the proposed approach allows, to a certain extent, for the “reservation” of managerial decisions through the advance formation of backup planning options. The software suite implementing the notation is developed in the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) environment of the MS Excel package, as it supports the creation of macros for automating routine spreadsheet operations, generating complex reports, and developing user interfaces. This environment is characterized by a relatively low entry barrier due to its simple syntax and extensive library of builtin functions, which enables rapid adoption even by users without a specialized programming background, while the ability to record macros in real time with subsequent fine-tuning of the generated code significantly accelerates the development process.

The paper presents a new type of sextants, namely two-parameter sextants, which are currently at various stages of development and remain little known to navigators. One of the most promising technical implementations of a two-parameter sextant is a single-mirror sextant, the design of which is based on the use of a single semi- transparent mirror with two rotational degrees of freedom. Initial studies have shown that a single-mirror sextant makes it possible to obtain several navigation parameters within a single observation, including the sum of the altitudes of celestial bodies, the difference in their altitudes, the elevation of the upper observed celestial body relative to the lower one, and, under conditions of horizon visibility, the altitude of a celestial body relative to the horizon as well as the azimuth difference between the observed celestial bodies. The main advantage of two-parameter sextants lies in their applicability throughout the entire period of darkness and their independence from horizon visibility. However, the determination of navigation parameters using a single-mirror sextant requires prior knowledge of the altitude of the lower observed celestial body. In the absence of a visible horizon, this altitude can only be obtained by calculation and is therefore known with a certain error. This paper addresses the influence of errors in the calculated altitude of the lower observed celestial body on the resulting navigation parameters; for the analysis, an altitude error of 0.1° is assumed. Analytical expressions for the errors of navigation parameters, namely the altitude and the azimuth difference between the sextant mirror normal and the second observed celestial body, are derived. A numerical analysis of the obtained errors shows that favorable observation conditions correspond to a specific range of angular separation between the observed celestial bodies.

This study is devoted to the development of a comprehensive methodology for implementing lean manufacturing in the shipbuilding and ship repair industries with the integration of Industry 4.0 digital technologies and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The relevance of the research is determined by the need to improve the operational efficiency of enterprises under conditions of global competition, tightening IMO environmental requirements, and increasing quality standards for shipbuilding products. The paper analyzes current trends in the digital transformation of lean manufacturing, including the application of BIM technologies for value stream mapping, IoT sensors for predictive analytics, and cloud platforms for automating Andon systems. Particular attention is given to adapting the Analytical Hierarchy Process to solving management problems in shipbuilding. A multi-level decision-making model has been developed to structure complex tasks related to the selection of technological solutions, supplier evaluation, and resource allocation. The results of practical testing of the proposed methodology at industry enterprises are presented, demonstrating a 40–60% reduction in management decision-making time and a 35% decrease in the number of erroneous decisions. The study identifies and systematizes key barriers to digital transformation in shipbuilding, including personnel resistance to change, a shortage of qualified specialists, and fragmentation of digital solutions. Practical mechanisms for overcoming these barriers are proposed through the development of Lean 4.0 industry standards and the creation of hybrid implementation models suitable for enterprises of different scales. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a holistic Lean 4.0 concept for shipbuilding that combines the digitalization of traditional lean manufacturing tools with a multi-criteria decision-making methodology. The practical significance of the research is confirmed by calculated implementation effects, including a 15–20% reduction in construction time, a 10–15% reduction in production costs, and a 25–30% increase in the transparency of management decisions. The results of the study can be applied in the development of corporate lean manufacturing standards, the creation of decision support systems, and the planning of digital transformation strategies for shipbuilding enterprises. Prospects for further research include the development of industry-specific solution templates for typical management tasks and the integration of AHP with artificial intelligence technologies to create adaptive control systems.

The article addresses the need to update environmental requirements for engines used on river passenger and sightseeing vessels in the context of implementing federal programs aimed at modernizing the transport system of the Russian Federation, one of the key objectives of which is the development of inland waterway transport. It is noted that ensuring environmental safety is a mandatory condition for the sustainable development of transport, including river transport. This task is addressed through the establishment of maximum permissible emission limits for harmful substances contained in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. A comparative analysis of domestic and foreign regulatory documents governing environmental requirements for internal combustion engines is carried out. Based on the results of this comparison, it is concluded that the current standards for exhaust gas toxicity and smoke opacity of river vessel engines require updating. The concept of revising regulatory values is presented, proposing the use of vessel grouping as a basis for emission standardization. Based on the results of field studies and statistical processing of ship inspection reports, updated standards for exhaust gas smoke opacity and toxicity of marine diesel engines are proposed. It is demonstrated that updating environmental requirements is particularly relevant for passenger and sightseeing vessels operating in large metropolitan areas.

The study examines the possibility of applying electrical circuit analysis methods to the mathematical description of marine mechanical systems. It is shown that marine mechanical systems constitute key components of marine power plants and electric drive systems and are characterized by significant structural diversity and complexity due to the presence of elastic bonds and vibration damping. It is demonstrated that the computational schemes of mechanical systems can be represented in the form of chain operator circuits that are structurally analogous to electrical circuits and consist of mechanical impedances and admittances. Equations describing the dynamics of mechanical systems in terms of these impedances and admittances are derived. In such circuit representations, angular velocities of rotating masses play the role of currents, while torques acting in elastic bonds correspond to voltages. It is established that representing mechanical systems as chain mechanical circuits enables the use of calculation methods well known from electrical circuit theory for their mathematical description. Loop and nodal equations of mechanical systems are obtained and analyzed using the example of a three-mass mechanical system. The possibility of applying the equivalent generator method to derive analytical relationships for an arbitrary rotating mass and an elastic bond is considered. Examples of the application of this method to two-mass and three-mass mechanical systems are presented. It is noted that the twomass mechanical system is a widely used model in the analysis of mechanical system dynamics, and various forms of its mathematical representation that are of practical importance are obtained. The frequency-domain analysis of a twomass mechanical system based on the derived mathematical description is also discussed.

An experimental practical study of a three-circuit automated microprocessor-based system for monitoring the levels of operating fluids (fuel, oil, and coolant) on Project 758B (OTA-900) river vessels was conducted. The aim of the study was to develop and substantiate the implementation of a unified hybrid automated monitoring system based on an Arduino Mega microcontroller, combining capacitive and hydrostatic sensors to improve measurement accuracy, reliability, and fault tolerance under real operating conditions. The study was carried out over a period of 30 days of continuous operation of the vessel’s power plant, with monitoring of fuel, oil, and coolant levels. Key accuracy metrics were calculated, including the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). According to the results, the RMSE values were 2.0% for fuel, 2.3% for oil, and 1.8% for coolant. The hybrid system provides automatic cross-checking of sensor readings, adaptation to climatic conditions, and data transmission via RS-232/RS-485 communication protocols; if required, data can also be transmitted via TCP directly to the vessel’s ECDIS or to a remote control system for autonomous vessels. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating the developed system into shipboard automation systems, which can improve the safety and efficiency of river vessel main engine operation through the timely prevention of emergency situations associated with violations of operating fluid levels. Prospects for further research include expanding the system functionality through the implementation of predictive fluid consumption analysis and integration into more advanced vessel control systems. The implementation of the proposed system increases measurement accuracy by a factor of 5–6 compared to traditional float-type level sensors and ensures continuous monitoring of main engine operating fluids as well as emergency alarm generation.

The study aims to increase the efficiency and accuracy of solving optimal control problems for ship dynamic systems and technological processes in water transport under conditions of digital transformation using symbolic computing tools. The paper addresses the problem of optimal control of a nonlinear dynamic object by representing the system in symbolic mathematical form. The proposed computational algorithm provides an analytical solution of differential equations through linearization and integration in a standard matrix representation. Using the Hamiltonian approach, which ensures the transition from functional minimization to static optimization, a control vector is derived and the system of equations is transformed into symbolic form. Taking into account the syntax of symbolic functions, an analytical block describing system dynamics is identified, and a solver is constructed that includes the system dynamics and boundary conditions for state variables at the initial and final moments of the solution interval. As a result, equations for state and control variables are obtained, which can subsequently be converted into numerical form for quantitative evaluation and graphical interpretation. Using MATLAB programs, estimates of four boundary conditions are obtained and presented graphically. The proposed algorithmic solution of the boundary value problem differs from existing approaches by employing an analytical model expressed in symbolic terms. A discrete analogue of the model is obtained on the basis of the A. N. Krylov matrix with norm estimation and control representation in CVX format. The results confirm the correctness of the developed algorithms and software and demonstrate the expediency of combining analytical and numerical methods for modeling and optimization of dynamic systems.

The article is devoted the Hilbert-Huang transform for the vibroacoustic signals from sensors installed on shipboard equipment to diagnose their condition (considered on the example of vibration-acoustic signal processing from rolling bearings) effectiveness study. The classical frequency-time analysis methods drawbacks critical analysis, in particular the Fourier transform, which is not applicable to non-stationary processes, and the Wigner-Ville distribution, which is subject to interference components, is carried out. As an adaptive alternative, the Hilbert-Huang transform method is considered. The main attention is paid to the first stage, which is part of the method — empirical mode decomposition. A detailed description of the standard mode decomposition algorithm is given, the essence of which is to sequentially decompose the original signal into intermodal functions, each of which is a mono-frequency component. To overcome the standard empirical mode decomposition algorithm known drawbacks, such as sensitivity to noise level and the mode mixing phenomenon, a modified version of it is proposed and tested in the work, built on the basis of the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method with an improved symmetric extension procedure to suppress boundary effects. Experimental research was conducted using an open database of real vibrationacoustic bearing signals with artificially created defects. It is shown that the modified algorithm effectively suppresses the mode mixing effect characteristic of the standard mode decomposition algorithm, which allows diagnostic features to be clearly localized in specific empirical modes. It is established that the application of the modified algorithm leads to the formation of a Hilbert spectrum with higher resolution, which is expressed in a decrease in the entropy of the spectrum. A quantitative comparison of the Hilbert spectrum clarity index for the considered algorithms is carried out, on the basis of which the effectiveness of applying the modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition together with the Hilbert-Huang transform is demonstrated due to the ability to isolate and clearly frequency-time localize informative defect features (such as impulse repetition frequency), which significantly increases the reliability of diagnostic conclusions and confirms the method's promise for implementation in technical condition monitoring systems. The results obtained demonstrate the high potential of applying the Hilbert-Huang transform together with the proposed modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition method for defect type accurate diagnosis and its temporal dynamics assessment, which is the basis for building technical signal diagnostics systems.