ADVANCED WATER TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES FOR LIMITING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

It is noted that the shipping industry makes a significant contribution to the total emission of carbon-acid gas into the global air basin due to the combustion of fossil hydrocarbon fuels by ship power plants. In April 2018, IMO adopted an ambitious new strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for shipping. In accordance with the adopted strategy, it is planned to gradually reduce the average intensity of carbon dioxide emissions per ton-mile by 40 % by 2030 and by 70 % by 2050. This study examines the main directions of improving the modern fleet, including: improving the logistics of transportation; further improvement of the quality of the vessel hydrodynamic parameters; improvement of the characteristics of power generating equipment and units of the ship power plant systems; replacement of the used fossil fuels with alternative ones, which are potentially capable, with an integrated approach, to ensure the tasks fulfillment set by the strategy. Attention is drawn to the fact that in terms of achieving the goals of the IMO strategy, the use of alternative fuels is of particular importance, as a direction that can provide up to 100 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The various possible options for alternative fuels, including liquefied natural gas, carbon-neutral fuels based on carbon - biofuels and synthetic fuels (electric fuels), and carbon-free fuels are considered and the prospects for their use are also analyzed. The peculiarities of the transition to alternative power sources for ship power plants for various segments of the world fleet are considered in the paper.

ship power plant, greenhouse effect, CO2 emissions, IMO strategy, ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, decarbonization of fuel, carbon-free fuels, promising water transport technologies to curb the greenhouse effect

1. Santer B. D. Celebrating the anniversary of three key events in climate change science / B. D. Santer, J. W. Bonfils, Q. Fu, J. C. Fyfe, G. C. Hegerl, C. Mears, J. F. Painter, S. Po-Chedley, F. J. Wentz, M. D. Zelinka, C.-Z. Zou // Nature Climate Change. - 2019. - Vol. 9. - Is. 3. - Pp. 180-182. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0424-x.

2. Ramanathan V. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon / V. Ramanathan, G. Carmichael // Nature geoscience. - 2008. - Vol. 1. - Is. 4. - Pp. 221-227. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo156.

3. Kiehl J. T. Earth’s annual global mean energy budget / J. T. Kiehl, K. E. Trenberth // Bulletin of the American meteorological society. - 1997. - Vol. 78. - Is. 2. - Pp. 197-208. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0197:EAGMEB>2.0.CO;2.

4. Юлкин М. А. Низкоуглеродное развитие: от теории к практике / М. А. Юлкин. - М.: АНО «Центр экологических инвестиций», 2018. - 80 с.

5. Иванченко А. А. Энергетическая эффективность судов и регламентация выбросов парниковых газов / А. А. Иванченко, А. П. Петров, Г. Е. Живлюк // Вестник Государственного университета морского и речного флота имени адмирала С. О. Макарова. - 2015. - № 3 (31). - C. 103-112. DOI: 10.21821/2309-5180-2015-7-3-103-112.

6. Serra P. Towards the IMO’s GHG goals: A critical overview of the perspectives and challenges of the main options for decarbonizing international shipping / P. Serra, G. Fancello // Sustainability. - 2020. - Vol. 12. - Is. 8. - Pp. 3220. DOI: 10.3390/su12083220.

7. Lindstad E. Potential power setups, fuels and hull designs capable of satisfying future EEDI requirements / Lindstad, T. I. Bø // Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - 2018. - Vol. 63. - Pp. 276-290. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2018.06.001.

8. Латухов С. В. Проблемы экологической безопасности судоходства: монография / С. В. Латухов [и др.]. - СПб.: ГУМРФ им. адм. С. О. Макарова, 2015. - 160 с.

9. Trozzi C. Emission Estimate Methodology for Maritime Navigation / C. Trozzi // 9th International Emissions Inventory Conference. - 2010 [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/conference/ei19/session10/trozzi.pdf (дата обращения: 01.07.2021).

10. Живлюк Г. Е. Экологическая безопасность судовых ДВС. Выбор эффективного способа соответствия новым требованиям 2020 г. по выбросам серы / Г. Е. Живлюк, А. П. Петров // Вестник Государственного университета морского и речного флота имени адмирала С. О. Макарова. - 2019. - Т. 11. - № 4. - С. 727-744. DOI: 10.21821/2309-5180-2019-11-4-727-744.

11. Brynolf S. Environmental assessment of marine fuels: liquefied natural gas, liquefied biogas, methanol and bio-methanol / S. Brynolf, E. Fridell, K. Andersson // Journal of cleaner production. - 2014. - Vol. 74. - Pp. 86-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.052.

12. Le Fevre C. N. A review of demand prospects for LNG as a marine fuel: Working paper / C. N. Le Fevre. - Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2018. - 35 p. DOI: 10.26889/9781784671143.

13. AEsoy V. LNG-Fuelled Engines and Fuel Systems for Medium-Speed Engines in Maritime Applications / V. AEsoy, P. M. Einang, D. Stenersen, E. Hennie, I. Valberg // SAE Technical Paper. - 2011. - № 2011-01-1998. DOI: 10.4271/2011-01-1998.

14. Захаров Е. А. Улучшение топливной экономичности и экологических показатедей роторно-поршневых двигателей: монография / Е. А. Захаров, Ю. В. Левин, Е. А. Федянов, С. Н. Шумский. - Волгоград: ВолгГТУ, 2020. - 152 с.

15. Климентьев А. Ю. Аммиак - перспективное моторное топливо для безуглеродной экономики / А. Ю. Климентьев, А. А. Климентьева // Транспорт на альтернативном топливе. - 2017. - № 3 (57). - С. 32-44.